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The Civil War may have ended on the battlefield, but the fight for equality never did In 1865, the Confederacy was comprehensively defeated, its economy shattered, its leaders in exile or in jail. Yet in the years that followed, Lincoln’s vision of a genuinely united country never took root. Apart from a few brief months, when the presence of the Union army in the South proved liberating for newly freed Black Americans, the military victory was squandered. Old white supremacist efforts returned, more ferocious than before. In Civil War by Other Means, Jeremi Suri shows how resistance to a more equal Union began immediately. From the first postwar riots to the return of Confederate exiles, to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, to the highly contested and consequential election of 1876, Suri explores the conflicts and questions Americans wrestled with as competing visions of democracy, race, and freedom came to a vicious breaking point. What emerges is a vivid and at times unsettling portrait of a country striving to rebuild itself, but unable to compromise on or adhere to the most basic democratic tenets. What should have been a moment of national renewal was ultimately wasted, with reverberations still felt today. The recent shocks to American democracy are rooted in this forgotten, urgent history.
A fundamental premise of Civil War by Other Means is that one cannot understand and fix the present without understanding how we came to be in the present. University of Texas Professor Jeremi Suri provides a compelling analysis of the roots of the American journey to achieve a multi-racial democracy with equality of opportunity for all. Suri provides a gripping and insight-filled exploration of the history and implications to present-day issues of civil rights, voter suppression, white supremacy, and related matters. It is a narrative that draws one in and brings the implications to both individuals and broad groups. He makes these points by including both the actions (and inactions) of leaders in the post-Civil War reconstruction period and beyond. It is a sordid tale of occasional successes and heartbreaking failure, both in individuals and institutions. But while history, it is not a story of the past alone. One cannot help but to be shocked by the eerie familiarity of the approaches and even the specific language that reaches to the present. Contemporary readers will be appalled at the repetition of specious arguments and slogans that have defined this subject over the decades since the Civil War. Many related issues continue to the present. There are important lessons for leaders and followers as well. We see well-meaning individuals without the necessary intellectual or political skills to succeed in the difficult circumstances with which they are faced. Good men (and they are all men in this history, of course) are not able to read the political climate correctly nor seek with the necessary imagination creative solutions to very challenging problems. The leadership skills necessary to perform as president or for other senior officials appeared to be largely absent in the generation after Lincoln. Even otherwise good men like Grant, who excelled as a military commander, fall short when faced with the basic realities of political leadership in such circumstances. It brings us to the uncomfortable reality that we do not, as a society, appreciate the nuances necessary for effective leadership. These are further hurdles for us to surmount in a democratic republic facing difficult issues. Suri provides a final analysis and conclusions necessary to repair the body politic. He correctly asserts (in my view) the cancerous nature and ugly autophagy of racism to the American Dream and the health of the republic. He provides challenging but necessary steps to cure the patient. None of these are easy or simple. None are likely to be implemented in the short run. Suri provides us with a valuable diagnosis of the disease the patient faces and the cure. His implied challenge to us is that we the people need to engage for the long haul in the difficult work of creating a more perfect union. But we should start with understanding our own history. Suri provides us with this story.